Guide library
Eye exam learning guides
Each guide starts with a short answer, walks through the technique and interpretation step by step, and ends with a link that opens the matching case on Pupilla's virtual patient so you can practice straight away.
- 12 guides
- 4 topics
- English & Arabic
- Completely free
Pupils
2 guidesStrabismus and eye movements
7 guides- The cover test: cover–uncover, alternate cover and prism cover test Tell a tropia from a phoria and measure the angle with prisms, step by step.
- Hirschberg and Krimsky tests: measuring strabismus with the corneal light reflex Read the corneal light reflex, convert millimeters to prism dioptres and neutralize with prisms.
- Ocular motility and the H-test: ductions, versions and the nine positions of gaze Trace the H, know which muscle each gaze position tests and interpret limited movements.
- Third, fourth and sixth cranial nerve palsies and the three-step test Recognize each ocular motor palsy, run the three-step test and spot the red flags.
- Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO), one-and-a-half syndrome and gaze palsies Localize INO, one-and-a-half syndrome, gaze palsies and Parinaud syndrome from eye movements.
- Types of nystagmus: gaze-evoked, downbeat, upbeat, see-saw and pendular Describe nystagmus properly and know what downbeat, upbeat, see-saw and pendular patterns suggest.
- Extraocular muscles: anatomy, actions and nerve supply Origins, insertions, actions and nerve supply of the six eye muscles — and why actions change with gaze.
Optics and refraction
2 guides- Streak retinoscopy: with motion, against motion and neutralization Read with and against motion, neutralize both meridians and correct for working distance.
- Refractive errors and astigmatism: myopia, hyperopia and Sturm's conoid Understand myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism, read a prescription and correct for vertex distance.
Visual pathway
1 guideFree simulators
All simulators- Bilateral Eye Simulator Compare combinations of right- and left-eye findings and bilateral responses on a virtual patient.
- OCT Learning & Practice Explore retinal and optic nerve head scans, learn OCT interpretation and practise with cases.
- Ophthalmic Optics Lab Connect optical foundations with interactive practice and an optics assessment.
- Binocular 3D Eye Movements Study binocular gaze, extraocular muscle actions and coordination of eye movements.
- Clinical Questions & Assessment Test your understanding with clinical questions, review answers and use supported account progress features.
- Eye Exam Simulator A virtual patient with 54 conditions: penlight pupil exam and RAPD, cover tests, Hirschberg and Krimsky, ductions and versions, cranial nerve palsies, INO, gaze palsies and nystagmus.
- Streak Retinoscopy Simulator Read with and against motion, find the principal meridians and neutralize the reflex for myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism.
- Refraction Simulator Change axial length, corneal curvature and astigmatism, then correct them with sphere, cylinder and axis trial lenses and watch Sturm's conoid collapse onto the retina.
- Vision Simulator — What the Patient Sees Apply a prescription and watch an eye chart, a page of text and a night street blur the way that refractive error really blurs them, with a live logMAR and Snellen readout.
- Lensometer Simulator Read a finished spectacle lens on a manual lensometer: close the doubled American Cross mires on the power drum, find the axis on the unbroken thin line, take the cylinder as the difference of two readings, and watch Prentice's Rule put prism on the reticle rings.
- Visual Pathway Simulator Place a lesion anywhere from the optic nerve to the occipital cortex and see the visual field defect, with lessons and a case quiz.
- 3D Eye Anatomy Simulator Rotate, slice and label a 3D eye model: 42 structures, 10 retinal layers, 6 corneal layers, the 6 extraocular muscles with gaze actions, the orbit with 7 bones and fat, and live biometry.
- Clinical Repertoire Condition summaries with presentation, signature findings, red flags, workup, treatment and differentials (English).